When people think of compound turbocharging, images of race trucks belching black smoke on the drag strip often come to mind. However, this technology is far more versatile and practical than it may seem.
Compound turbocharging utilizes two turbochargers of different sizes working in tandem to generate more boost across the throttle range. This system is particularly effective for diesel engines, which typically operate at lower RPMs than their gasoline counterparts.
How Does Compound Turbocharging Work?
A compound turbo system features two turbochargers arranged in series:
Primary (High-Pressure) Turbocharger
The smaller turbo handles exhaust gases first, delivering immediate boost at low engine speeds due to its quick spool-up capabilities.
Secondary (Low-Pressure) Turbocharger
As engine speed increases, the larger turbo engages, managing the higher exhaust flow to sustain and amplify boost at higher RPMs.
Here’s the process: atmospheric air is drawn in and compressed by the secondary turbocharger, then sent to the primary turbocharger for additional compression before entering the engine. This "compression stacking" results in significantly higher boost pressures, improving engine performance and efficiency.
Compound vs. Twin Turbocharging
While both systems enhance engine performance, their designs and applications differ:
Compound Turbocharging
- Turbos are arranged in series, with one feeding into the other to amplify boost pressure.
- This setup is like connecting batteries in series to increase voltage, leading to greater pressure in the system.
Twin Turbocharging
- Turbos operate in parallel, each managing a portion of the exhaust flow independently.
- Similar to connecting batteries in parallel to increase current, this configuration improves flow rates.
Compound turbocharging is typically favored in diesel engines that need high boost pressures at low RPMs, while twin-turbo systems are more common in high-RPM gasoline engines.
Who Benefits from Compound Turbocharging?
Compound turbocharging isn’t limited to high-performance vehicles. It’s also used in production vehicles for improved efficiency and drivability. For instance, the 6.4L Powerstroke diesel engine (2007–2010) came equipped with a factory compound turbo system.
Key advantages of compound turbocharging include:
- Improved Efficiency: Dividing the workload between two turbos allows for better performance across a wider RPM range.
- Increased Power Delivery: Enhances responsiveness and drivability throughout the power band.
- Lower Exhaust Gas Temperatures (EGTs): Reduces heat stress on the engine, particularly under heavy loads like towing or hauling.
Considerations Before Implementation
While compound turbocharging offers significant benefits, it adds complexity to the engine system. Proper tuning and maintenance are crucial to prevent excess wear on engine components. When implemented correctly, it delivers unmatched performance and efficiency, especially in diesel engines, ensuring smoother power delivery across varied conditions.
For those interested in upgrading, check out resources like KC Turbos for 6.4L Powerstroke upgrades or Pusher Intakes, which specializes in compound systems for Duramax, Cummins, and Powerstroke engines.
To dive deeper, visit Pusher Intakes’ FAQ on compound turbocharging or watch this KC Turbos video for guidance on enhancing your setup.